Researchers at CERN’s ALICE experiment have accomplished what alchemists dreamed of for centuries: transforming lead into gold, albeit momentarily. (Image: The ALICE Time Projection Chamber, CERN)
In the early 1700s, the King of Poland challenged a young alchemist, Johann Friedrich Bttger, to create gold. Despite his efforts, Bttger failed. Centuries later, scientists have achieved what he could not though only for a fleeting instant.
This scientific transmutation occurred not in a dimly lit laboratory, but within the world’s most powerful particle accelerator: the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). During high-speed, near-miss collisions, lead ions interact with such intensity that they can momentarily transform.
When lead ions race around the LHC at nearly light-speed, they occasionally graze past each other. The powerful electromagnetic fields surrounding these ions interact dramatically. In rare instances, a lead nucleus emits three protons, briefly becoming a gold nucleus.
Between 2015 and 2018, CERN’s detectors recorded approximately 86 billion gold atoms created through this process. However, these atoms existed for mere microseconds before decaying, with the total gold production measuring a mere 29 trillionths of a gram.
Beyond its poetic resonance, this research enables physicists to explore nuclear stability’s boundaries and understand matter formation in extreme cosmic environments like neutron star collisions.
More than a nostalgic tribute to medieval alchemy, this experiment demonstrates how modern science can unravel mysteries that once confounded ancient thinkers. Bttger’s unsuccessful gold-making attempt led to European porcelain’s discovery, while this experiment realizes his dream momentarily through physics rather than magic.
The age of alchemy has passed, but this discovery opens new pathways for understanding the universe’s fundamental building blocks.
FAQs:
Can I make gold from lead?
Yes, but only through nuclear transmutation at specialized facilities like CERN’s LHC. While technically possible, the process is extremely inefficient and impractical for producing usable gold.
How is gold formed?
Gold primarily originates from cosmic processes such as supernova nucleosynthesis, neutron star collisions, and magnetar flares. On Earth, it forms through hydrothermal deposits and placer sedimentary processes.
How do scientists create gold?
Scientists transmute elements like mercury, platinum, or lead into gold through high-energy nuclear reactions and particle collisions, such as those in the Large Hadron Collider. However, the process remains experimental and inefficient.
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